Like political participation, political expression rises and falls with the election cycle but has moved up- ward in recent years. Persuading other people about elections is an indicator of political deliberation.

DETAILS
▪ “Wrote letter to editor”: DDB asks whether respondents “Wrote a letter to an editor of a magazine or newspaper” within the last twelve months.

▪ “Gave speech”: DDB asks whether respondents “gave a speech” within the last twelve months.

▪ “Persuade others about an election”: NES asks: “During the campaign, did you talk to any people and try to show them why they should vote for (1984 and later: or against) one of the parties or candi- dates?”

▪ “Display button, sticker, or yard sign”: NES asks: “Did you wear a campaign button, put a campaign sticker on your car, or place a sign in your window or in front of your house?” (Because of a significant change in the question in 1984, we start this series in that year.)